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2. Franz G. Alexander and Sheldon T. Selesnick, The History of Psychiatry (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); Harold I. Kaplan, “History of Psychosomatic Medicine,” in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/III, eds. H. I. Kaplan, A.M. Freedman, and Benjamin. J. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1980), Chapter 261; C. P. Kimball, “Conceptual Developments in Psychosomatic Medicine: 1939–1969,” Ann. Int. Med. 73 (1970): 307; Z. J. Lipowski, “Holistic-Medical Foundations of American Psychiatry: A Bicentennial,” Am. J. Psychiatry 138 (1980): 888; Z. J. Lipowski, “What Does the Word “Psychosomatic” Really Mean? A Historical and Semantic Inquiry,” Psychosom. Med. 46 (1984): 153; E. L. Margetts, “The Early History of the Word ‘Psychosomatic’,” Can. Med. Assoc. J. 63 (1950): 402; E. L. Margetts, “Historical Notes on Psychosomatic Medicine,” in Recent Developments in Psychosomatic Medicine, eds., E. D. Wittkower and R. A. Cleghorn (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1954), p. 41; E. Stainbrook, “Psychosomatic Medicine in the Nineteenth Century,” Psychosom. Med. 14 (1952): 211; Th. von Uexküll, “Psychosomatische Medizin gestern, heute und morgen,” Therapiewoche 31 (1981): 838; Herbert Weiner, “Contributions of Psychoanalysis to Psychosomatic Medicine,” J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal. 10 (1982) 27; E. D. Wittkower, “Historical Perspective of Contemporary Psychosomatic Medicine,” in Psychosomatic Medicine: Current Trends and Clinical Applications, ed. Z. J. Lipwoski, D. R. Lipsitt, and P. C. Whybrow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 3; Gregory Zilboorg, “Psychosomatic Medicine. A Historical Perspective,” Psychosom. Med. 6 (1944): 3.
3. René Descartes, A Discourse on Method (London: Dent, 1912).
4. Hippocrates, The Genuine Works of Hippocrates, Translated from the Greek, with a preliminary discourse and annotations by Francis Adams, 2 vols. (London: Sydenham Society, 1849). Galen, De locis affectis, in Opera omnia, ed. C. G. Kuhn. (Leipzig: C. Knobloch, 1821), Vol. 8–1.
5. G. B. Morgagni, De sedibus, et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis, 2 vols. (Venice: typ. Remondiniana, 1761); Rudolf L. K. Virchow, Die Cellular Pathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre (Berlin: A. Hirschwald, 1858). For example, rheumatoid arthritis is defined as a disease of joints because often, but not always, the main site of pain, disability, and pathology is in the joints. But it is actually a systemic disease often affecting many organs, or it may manifest itself only as nodules under the skin of the elbows.