Greenhouse gas control in steel manufacturing: inventory, assurance, and strategic reduction review

Abstract

AbstractThe global steel industry is integral to the development of modern infrastructure, yet it stands as one of the most significant contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. This dichotomy brings forth the imperative for an in-depth analysis of GHG inventory practices and the pursuit of sustainable production methods. This mini-review paper addresses the current methodologies for GHG accounting within the steel sector, emphasizing the critical role of accurate and transparent emissions data as the basis for effective climate change mitigation strategies. Evaluating the prevalent carbon-intensive blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) production route, this paper contrasts traditional practices with innovative reduction initiatives, particularly those aligned with the emergence of green steel. We delve into the advancements in electric arc furnace (EAF) technology, direct reduced iron (DRI) processes utilizing green hydrogen, and the potential of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) systems. The analysis extends to a critical examination of the challenges and opportunities these technologies face, including economic viability, scalability, and the readiness of energy infrastructure to support such a transition. Further, this review highlights the significance of verification and validation in reinforcing the credibility of GHG inventories. We scrutinize the materiality of reported emissions in the context of evolving regulatory frameworks and stakeholder expectations, stressing the need for standardized and rigorous assurance practices. Graphical Abstract