1. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, with an introduction by Adrienne Koch (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1984/1840), p. 477.
2. Annals of Congress, Gales & Seaton’s History, May 3, 1790, 1st Congress, 2nd session, p. 1604.
3. Annals of Congress, February 3, 1796, 4th Congress, 1st session, p. 288.
4. Quoted in A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 9.
5. Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science 1846–1876 (New York: Knopf, 1987), pp. 36, 76.