1. J. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals (McGraw-Hill, 1988), Chap. 2, pp. 42–45
2. R. Stone, Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines (Macmillan Press LTD., 1999), Chap. 4, pp. 142–155
3. C.R. Ferguson, Internal Combustion Engines, Applied Thermosciences (Wiley, 1986), Chap. 1, pp. 1–24
4. J. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals (McGraw-Hill, 1988), Chap. 6, pp. 206–208
5. R. Stone, Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines (Macmillan Press LTD., 1999), Chap. 6, pp. 293–297