Lipid and Creatinine Adjustment to Evaluate Health Effects of Environmental Exposures

Author:

O’Brien Katie M.,Upson Kristen,Buckley Jessie P.

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Nature and Landscape Conservation

Reference31 articles.

1. Heavner DL, Morgan WT, Sears SB, Richardson JD, Byrd GD, Ogden MW. Effect of creatinine and specific gravity normalization techniques on xenobiotic biomarkers in smokers’ spot and 24-h urines. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;40(4):928–42.

2. Phillips DL, Pirkle JL, Burse VW, Bernert JT, Henderson LO, Needham LL. Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in human serum: effects of fasting and feeding. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1989;18:495–500.

3. • Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;113(2):192–200. This is a seminal paper that provided evidence that creatinine levels are associated with various other factors, including age, sex, race, fat free mass, and body mass index. This paper is highly cited as justification for adjusting for creatinine as a covariate when assessing the health effects of environmental exposures measured in urine

4. Christensen K, Sobus J, Phillips M, Blessinger T, Lorber M, Tan YM. Changes in epidemiologic associations with different exposure metrics: a case study of phthalate exposure associations with body mass index and waist circumference. Environ Int. 2014;73:66–76.

5. •• O'Brien KM, Upson K, Cook NR, Weinberg CR. Environmental Chemicals in Urine and Blood: improving methods for creatinine and lipid adjustment. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(2):220–7. With the aid of directed acyclic graphs and simulation studies, these authors compared existing methods for creatinine and lipid adjustment with a new method, called covariate-adjusted standardization. They show that the new method is appropriate for assessing urinary biomarkers and that classical standardization works well for lipophilic, serum-based biomarkers

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