Abstract
AbstractExophthalmos and enophthalmos result from a discrepancy between the bony orbital cavity and its soft tissue contents. Exophthalmos arises when the orbital soft tissues enlarge or neoplasms occupy orbital space. Exophthalmos is more frequent than enophthalmos. Well-known causes of exophthalmos are Graves’ orbitopathy, orbital tumors, vascular lesions, and inflammatory diseases of the orbit. An orbital fracture causes a larger than normal orbital cavity and results—when there is no increase of the soft tissues—in an enophthalmos. Other causes of enophthalmos are i.e. silent sinus syndrome, orbital varix, and sclerosing metastasis of a mammary carcinoma.
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Reference28 articles.
1. Wagenmann A. Ernst Hertel. Graefes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1943;145:511–3.
2. Mourits MP, Lombardo SH, Van Der Sluijs FA, Fenton S. Reliability of exophthalmos measurement and the exophthalmometry value distribution in a healthy Dutch population and in Graves’ patients. An exploratory study. Orbit. 2004;23:161–8.
3. Wu D, Liu X, Wu D, Di X, Guan H, Shan Z, Teng W. Normal values of Hertel exophthalmometry in a Chinese Han population from Shenyang, Northeast China. Sci Rep. 2015;5:8526.
4. Kashkouli MB, Beigi B, Noorani MM, Nojoomi M. Hertel exophthalmometry: reliability and interobserver variation. Orbit. 2003;22:239–45.
5. Gil B, de Montes F, Pérez Resinas FM, Rodríguez García M, González OM. Exophthalmometry in Mexican adults. Rev Investig Clin. 1999;51:341–3.