Author:
O’Brien Allyson L.,Dafforn Katherine,Chariton Anthony,Airoldi Laura,Schäfer Ralf B.,Mayer-Pinto Mariana
Abstract
AbstractThis book has mostly considered marine contamination and the biological effects of contaminants acting as single stressors. However, marine environments are rarely exposed to a single stressor, but rather experience a complex mix of many stressors. These stressors may be contaminants, such as the ones discussed in previous chapters (nutrients, chemicals, plastics as well as carbon dioxide), or they may be other stressors, such as invasive species, built infrastructure, aquaculture or fisheries, or climatic changes which themselves can contribute to contaminant stress, for example, nutrient loading is a well-known impact of aquaculture activities. All these stressors are ubiquitous in marine environments worldwide and have the potential to interact and have very different impacts compared to if they occurred singularly.
Publisher
Springer Nature Switzerland
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