1. al-Aqiqi, Antun Dahir. 1959. Lebanon in the Last Years of Feudalism, 1840–1868, trans. Malcolm Kerr. Beirut: American University of Beirut Press.
2. Anderson, Benedict. 2010. The Nation and the Origins of National Consciousness. In The Ethnicity Reader, ed. Montserrat Guiberneau and John Rex. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3. Antonius, George. 1939. The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.
4. Aytekin, E.Attila. 2009. Agrarian Relations, Property and Law: An Analysis of the Land Code of 1858 in the Ottoman Empire. Middle Eastern Studies 45 (6): 935–951.
5. Buzan, Barry, and George Lawson. 2015. The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.