1. al-Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn. 2002. Khatirat Jamal al-Din al-Afghani. Cairo: Maktabat al-Shuruq.
2. Ahmed, Safdar. 2013. Reform and Modernity in Islam: The Philosophical, Cultural and Political Discourses Among Muslim Reformers. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
3. Cromer, Evelyn Baring. 1908. Modern Egypt, Vols. 1 & 2. London: Macmillan.
4. Davies, Merryl Wyn. 1988. Knowing One Another: Shaping an Islamic Anthropology. London and New York: Mansell Publishing.
5. Derrida, Jacques. 1973. Speech and Phenomena. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.