1. Aristotle. 1984. The Complete Works of Aristotle, Volume One. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2. Aydemir, Murat. 2010. Turkish Music Makam Guide. Istanbul: Istanbul 2010 ECC Agency.
3. Bonds, Marc Evan. 1991. Wordless Rhetoric: Musical Form and the Rhetoric of Oration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Ederer, Eric. 2015. Makam and Beyond: A Progressive Approach to Near Eastern Music Theory. Santa Barbara: Plum Loco Publishing.
5. Farraj, Johnny, and Sami Abu Shumays. 2019. Inside Arabic Music Arabic Maqam Performance and Theory in the 20th Century. New York: Oxford University Press.