1. Ackoff, R. (1989). From data to wisdom. Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, 16, 3–9.
2. Applegate, L., McFarlan, F. W., & McKenney, J. (1999). Corporate information systems management. Irwin McGraw-Hill.
3. Ayres, R. (1994). Information, entropy, and progress. AIP Press.
4. Bar-Hillel, Y., & Carnap, R. (1953). Semantic information. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 14(4), 147–162.
5. Baskerville, R., & Myers, M. (2002). Information systems as a reference discipline. MIS Quarterly, 26, 1–14.