1. Chen, Daqi 陳大齊. 1987. The Congruence of the Mencian Doctrine of Nature is Good and the Xunzian Doctrine of Nature is Bad 孟子性善說與荀子性惡說的不相牴觸. Works of Chen Daqi Vol. 1 陳百年先生文集第一輯. 396–411. Taibei: Taiwan Commercial Press.
2. Chong, Kim-chong. 2007. Early Confucian Ethics. Chicago: Open Court.
3. Cua, A.S. 1977. The Conceptual Aspect of Hsün-Tzu’s Philosophy of Human Nature. Philosophy East and West 27: 373–389. (An explication of the notions and distinctions involved in Xunzi’s main argument on xing.).
4. Goldin, Paul Rakita. 1999. Ritual of the Way: the Philosophy of Xunzi. Chicago: Open Court. (A very good general study of the philosophy of Xunzi.).
5. Graham, A.C. 1986. The Background of the Mencian Theory of Human Nature. In Studies in Chinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature, 7–66. Singapore: Institute of East Asian Philosophies. (A detailed and insightful study of the concept of xing in early China.).