The Rise of New Social Risks in Post-collectivist China

Abstract

AbstractThis chapter highlights in a first section the complex changes in China’s Welfare system, marked by historical legacies, reforms, and the ongoing tension between collectivist and individualized approaches.The chapter reveals that China’s transition to market economy triggered shifts in employment dynamics. The dismantling of State and collective sectors in 1992 led to a surge in job insecurity, with most jobs moving to the private sector by 2005. Efforts to formalize labor contracts began in 1986 but faced challenges. The 1994 Labor Law standardized contracts, but informal jobs persisted.The chapter uncovers that in this context of uncertainties, intergenerational solidarities tend to replace the collectivist provisions. Demographic shifts strain this new contract. Faced with the challenges of precarious employment, particularly in the informal sector, young adults exhibit varying vulnerabilities. Migrants face increased vulnerabilities, often lacking social security schemes. Many respondents, including those with degrees, experience frustration due to fixed-term contracts, impacting income and personal life. The risk of disaffiliation is exacerbated by long working hours, hindering social interactions. Despite attempts with the 2008 labor law to address job precariousness, poor law enforcement persists, especially after the 2008 economic crisis.