1. AL Code § 13A-5-6, § 13A-5-13 (c)(1)(b) (2016).
2. Articles 33–42 of Belgium’s Law of 10 May 2007, cited in Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2009. OSCE report, hate crimes laws: A practical guide, 35. Vienna: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
3. D.C. Code § 22-3701(1) (2018).
4. N.Y. Penal L. § 485.05(1)(a), (b) (2016).
5. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3A1.1 (b)(1) & cmt. n. 2 (2016).