1. For the usage of the term homogenise, see Urmila Phadnis, Ethnicity and Nation-Building in South Asia (New Delhi: Sage, 1989), 80–81.
2. Clifford Geertz, ‘The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States’, in C. Geertz, ed., Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa (New York: Free Press, 1963), 105–57; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991), 5–7; Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Ranger has since modified his position to argue like Anderson that identities are imagined rather than invented. See Terence Ranger, ‘The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa’, in Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan, eds, Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth Century Africa (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1993), 62–111.
3. Paul R. Brass, ‘Ethnicity and Nationality Formation’, Ethnicity 3(3), September 1976, 225–40. See also J. D. Eller and R. M. Coughlan, ‘The Poverty of Primordialism: The Demystification of Ethnic Attachments’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 16 (2), April 1993, 195–96.
4. For a discussion of the idea of Utopias in conflict, see Ainslie T. Embree, Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in Modern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992), 1–18.
5. Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison (New Delhi: Sage, 1991), 15.