1. See for example Raskin, Jamin. 2004. “A Right-to-Vote Amendment for the U.S. Constitution: Confronting America’s Structural Democracy Deficit.” Election Law Journal 3(3): 559–573.
2. See also Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books.
3. Polgar, Paul J. 2011. “‘Whenever They Judge It Expedient’: The Politics of Partisanship and Free Black Voting Rights in Early National New York.” American Nineteenth Century History 12(1): 1–23.
4. James, Scott C. and Brian L. Lawson. 1999. “The Political Economy of Voting Rights Enforcement in America’s Gilded Age: Electoral College Competition, Partisan Commitment and the Federal Election Law.” American Political Science Review 93(1): 115–131.
5. McDuffie writes that the conservatives gradually “assumed the Democratic label” in the early 1870s (page 83). See McDuffie, Jerome A. 1979. Politics in Wilmington and New Hanover County, North Carolina, 1865–1900: The Genesis of a Race Riot, unpublished PhD dissertation, Kent State University.