1. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son, iii. (Cambridge, 1868), p. 70.
2. E. A. Wrigley,‘English county populations in the later eighteenth century’, Economic History Review, 60/1 (2007), pp. 35–69, table 5, pp. 54–5.
3. John Elliott, The Industrial Development of the Ebbw Valleys, 1780–1914 (Cardiff, 2004), table 8.1, p. 165.
4. T. M. Devine, ‘Industrialisation’, in T. M. Devine, C. H. Lee and G. C Peden, eds., The Transformation of Scotland. The Economy since 1700 (Edinburgh, 2005 ), pp. 40–1.
5. David Turnock, The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707: Geographical Aspects of Modernisation (Cambridge, 1982), table 3.1, p. 40, table 1.1, p. 8.