1. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. “Editor’s Introduction: Writing ‘Race’ and the Difference it Makes,” Critical Inquiryu 12.1 (1985), 5.
2. Edward W. Said, Orientalism, 1978 (London: Penguin, 2003).
3. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism, 1993 (London: Vintage, 1994).
4. Robert Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995), 163.
5. Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100–1450 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 3.