1. Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises (Ithaca, NY, 1986), pp. 17–19; on Trotsky see Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA, 1978), pp. 190–1.
2. C.A Bayly has argued that the birth of the modern world was one that saw an increased uniformity, from practices of dress to intellectual currents. Of course, the process of global integration did facilitate kinds of isomorphism. The argument in this chapter is that (a) there were basic social and material forces that conditioned the emergence of a variety of arrangements for rule, and (b) efforts at diffusing uniformity from the centres unintentionally created greater diversity at local levels. In some fundamental ways, Latin America and the Caribbean were much more internally diverse in the 1820s than they were in the 1780s. See C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Oxford, 2004).
3. James J. Sheehan, ‘The Problem of Sovereignty in European History’, American Historical Review 111 (2006), 1–15; Saskia Sassen, Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, NJ, 2006). Most work on sovereignty has been done by political scientists, mainly concerned with international relations. See Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations (Princeton, NJ, 2001), and on how sovereignty rests on contradictory principles and practices, see Stephen D. Krasner, ed., Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities (New York, 2001).
4. Lauren Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900 (Cambridge, 2002); Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, p. 139.
5. Charles Tilly, ‘War Making and State Making as Organized Crime’, in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (New York, 1985), pp. 169–91; Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 2000), pp. 120–1.