1. E. Shuler, Almsgiving and the Formation of Early Medieval Societies, AD 700–1025, unpublished PhD thesis (University of Notre Dame, 2010), pp. 269–70, and esp. n.1.
2. For Chaidoc as a Breton rather than Irish name, see F. Lot, ‘Nouvelles recherches sur le texte de la Chronique de l’abbaye de Saint–Riquier par Hariulf’, Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes 72 (1911), 245–70, at p. 264.
3. Vita Richarii, c.2, p. 445: ‘Fichori ex Hibernia et Chaidocus ex Scottorum patria ueniebant Siccambriam. Vir beatus Richarius fuit eorum obuius, ubi gentiles Pontearii inridebant ei: malefacere adfirmabant stulti, quod essent dusi; hemaones uocitabant, qui Deum non credebant; eis reputabant, quod segetes tollebant’. For context, see R. Meens, ‘Thunder over Lyon: Agobard, the tempestarii and Christianity’, in C.G. Steel, J. Marenbon and W. Verbeke, eds, Paganism in the Middle Ages: Threat and Fascination (Louvain, 2012), pp. 157–66, at pp. 164–65;
4. P.E. Dutton, ‘Thunder and Hail Over the Carolingian Countryside’, in D. Sweeney, ed., Agriculture in the Middle Ages (Philadelphia PA, 1995), pp. 111–137.
5. F. Prinz, Frühes Mönchtum im Frankenreich: Kultur und Gesellschaft in Gallien, den Rheinlanden und Bayern am Beispiel der monastischen Entwicklung (4. bis 8. Jahrhundert) (Munich, 1988), pp. 121–51;