1. Sterling Seagrave, Lords of the Rim: The Invisible Empire of the Overseas Chinese (London: Bantam Press, 1995), p. 1 and p. 5.
2. Renato Constantino, A Past Revisited (Quezon City: Renato Constantino, 1973), p. 151.
3. Antonio Tan, The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality (Manila: Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran, Inc., 1989).
4. Teresita Ang See, “The Chinese in the Philippines: Changing Views and Perceptions”, in The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives, edited by Teresita Ang See (Manila: Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran, Inc., 1990), pp. 94–106.
5. Teresita Ang See, “Citizenship Discussion in the Constitutional Convention”, in Philippine Chinese Profile: Essays and Studies, edited by Charles McCarthy (Manila: Pagkakaisa Sa Pag-unlad, Inc., 1974), pp. 184–211.