1. Theodore D. Woolsey, Introduction to the Study of International Law, 4th ed., revised and enlarged (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, & Co., 1874), 29–32. Woolsey’s treatise was translated into Chinese in 1877 and that translation reprinted in Japan in 1878 and 1879.
2. Emer de Vattel, The Law of Nations, trans. J. Chitty (Philadelphia: T. & J.W Johnson, 1853), 429; Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum, trans. J. Drake (Oxford: Clarendon, 1934), 36f, 486f; Henry Wheaton, Elements of International Law, 8th ed., ed. Richard Dana ([1866] repr. Oxford: Clarendon, 1936), 309f; Robert Phillimore, Commentaries upon International Law (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1854), vol. 3: 99, 442; and T. J. Lawrence, The Principles of International Law (London: Macmillan, 1895), 290, 293. James Lorimer too described war as an “abnormal jural relation” in The Institutes of the Law of Nations (Edinburgh: Wm. Blackwood and Sons, 1883–84), vol. 2: 10–14, 18–23.
3. Barry Buzan, From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 139–45, 168–74; see also K. J. Holsti, Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), Chapter 9 (esp. pp. 297–9).
4. Robert B. Valliant, “The Selling of Japan: Japanese Manipulation of Western Opinion, 1900–1905,” Monumenta Nipponica 29.4 (1974): 415–38; and Kenshō: Nichi-Ro sensō, ed. Yomiuri shinbunsha shuzaidan (Tokyo: Chūōkōron shinsha, 2005), 161–71.
5. See Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001), Chapter 1; and Philippe Rygiel, “Une impossible tâche? L’Institut de Droit International et la régulation des migrations internationales 1870–1920” (PhD diss., Université Paris I, 2011), 36–58.