1. Frances Gardiner Davenport, ed., European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies, 4 vols. (Washington, DC, 1917–37), vol. 1, p. 3.
2. James Muldoon, Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800–1800 (New York, 1999), pp. 139–49, and David Armitage, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 3–4.
3. Jack P. Greene, ‘Negotiated Authorities: The Problem of Governance in the Extended Polities of the Early Modern Atlantic World’, in Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (Charlottesville, VA, 1994), pp. 1–24; John H. Elliott, ‘A Europe of Composite Monarchies’, PP, 137 (1992) 48–71; and Elliott, ‘Empire and State in British and Spanish America’, in Serge Gruzinski and Nathan Wachtel, eds, Le Nouveau Monde — Mondes Nouveaux: L’expérience américaine (Paris, 1996), pp. 365–82.
4. The ideas in this paragraph are derived from Michael J. Braddick, State Formation in Early Modern England, c. 1550–1700 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 9–100.
5. K. R. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 10–17.