1. Cabinet Office, Japan. Reiwa 1st Year White Paper on Aging Society (Overall Version) https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2019/zenbun/01pdf_index.html. Accessed 15 Mar 2022 (Japanese)
2. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. The outline of the results of National Livelihood Survey 2019. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/k-tyosa/k-tyosa19 Accessed 15 Mar 2022 (Japanese)
3. Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, Mabuchi A, En-Yo Y, Yoshida M, Saika A, Yoshida H, Suzuki T, Yamamoto S, Ishibashi H, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura K, Akune T (2009) Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study. J Bone Miner Metab 27:620–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-009-0080-8
4. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Population Census 2005. https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2005/outline.html Accessed 15 Mar 2022
5. Committee for 2011 Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis (Director, Orimo H) (2011) The guidelines for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Life Science Publishing Co. Ltd, Tokyo