1. For the central place of this belief in any definition of racism, see, among many works, A. T. Vaughan, “The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,”The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 97 (July, 1989): 346 based on George M. Fredrickson's works; Vaughan'sRoots of American Racism (New York, 1995), p. ix; D.L. Noel, “Slavery and the Rise of Racism” in: D.L Noel, ed.,The Origins of American Slavery and Racism (Columbus, OH, 1972), pp. 153–163; Harry Bracken, “Philosophy and Racism,” in hisMind and Language: Essays on Descartes and Chomsky, Publications in language sciences 14 (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1984), p. 51 (the essay originally appeared inPhilosophia 8 [1978]: 241–260).
2. Some discussion of the theory will be found in Lloyd Thompson,Romans and Blacks (Norman, OK, 1989), pp. 100–104; Frank Snowden,Blacks in Antiquity (Cambridge, MA, 1970), pp. 170–179; Germaine Aujac,Strabon et la science de son temps, ser. Collection d'études anciennes (Paris, 1966), pp. 270–273; K. Trüdinger,Studien zur Geschichte der Griechischrömischen Ethnographie (Basel, 1918); E. Honigmann,Die sieben Klimata und die Poleis episemoi: eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter (Heidelberg, 1929); A. Bouché-Leclercq,L'astrologie grecque (Paris, 1899), pp. 334 ff.; C.J. Glacken,Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 80–115; and Karlhans Abel, s.v. “Zone” in: A. Pauly and G. Wissowa (eds.),Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Supplementband 14 (1974): 989–1188. Scholarship dealing with the environmental theory as it was transmitted in later times: Glacken’s work throughout; André Miquel,La Géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du 11e siècle, vol. 2, Civilisations et sociétés 37 (Paris, 19752), pp. 34–70, 141–145; G. Rotter,Die Stellung des Negers in der islamisch-arabischen Gesellschaft bis zum XVI. Jahrhundert (Bonn, 1967), pp. 152–155; J.O. Hunwick,West Africa and the Arab World (Accra, 1991), pp. 4–8; A. Altman, “The Climatological Factor in Yehudah Hallevi’s Theory of Prophecy” [Hebrew],Melilah 1 (Manchester, 1944): 1–17; A. Melamed, “The Land of Israel and the Climatological Theory in Jewish Thought” [Hebrew],‘Eres Yisra’ el be-Hagut ha-Yehudit biy-me ha-Benayim, ed. M. Halamish and A. Ravitzky (Jerusalem, 1991), pp. 52–78.
3. A Study of History 2 (Oxford, 1935), 1: 253
4. Romans and Blacks, p. 102.
5. See E.C. Evans, “The Study of Physiognomy in the Second Century A.D.,”Transactions of the American Philological Association (=TAPA) 72 (1941): 96–108; R. Megow, “Antike Physiognomielehre,”Das Altertum 9 (1963): 213–221; and L. Thompson,Romans and Blacks, pp. 104–107.