1. 董光璧 Dong Guangbi, “20世纪的中国物理学 [Physics in Twentieth-Century China],” in 第十届中国科学史国际会议 [The 10th International Conference on the History of Science in China] (Harbin, China, 2004).
2. Both Yang and Lee remained Chinese citizens when they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957. To help researchers find records and publications of these early Chinese physicists, I use their own Romanizations of their Chinese names that they used when studying and publishing in the West, wherever available. Guangzhao Zhou completed his graduate studies at Peking University in 1954, when doctorates were not available in China (they were first awarded in 1981), but it is reasonable to argue that Zhou earned a doctorate equivalent. 董光璧 Dong Guangbi, 中国现代物理学史 [A History of Physics in Modern China] (Jinan Shi: Shandong jiao yu chu ban she, 2009), 58.
3. 李佩珊 Li Peishan, “20世纪前半叶科学技术从美国向中国的传入及其影响 [The Transmission of Science and Technology from America to China during the First Half of the 20th Century],” 美国研究 [American Studies] 4 (1991), 98–115, on 100.
4. According to Xie, ninety-four students returned in 1881. Of the rest, twenty-six died, departed earlier, or refused to return to China. See “The Chinese Educational Mission,” CEM Connections, accessed September 19, 2015, http://www.cemconnections.org/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1 ; 谢长法 Changfa Xie, 中国留学教育史 Zhongguo Liu Xue Jiao Yu Shi [The Educational History of Chinese Students Studying Abroad] (Taiyuan Shi: Shanxi jiao yu chu ban she, 2006), 1–13.
5. Xie, Chinese Students Studying Abroad (ref. 4), 22–24. On the first appearance of Chinese students in Japan, see John K. Fairbank and Kwang-Ching Liu, eds., Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 2, vol. 11, The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 348.