A REVIEW ON THYROID EYE DISEASE

Abstract

Graves orbitopathy (GO) is associated with thyroid autoimmunity (AITD) and is highly complex. It is dened by the expansion and remodelling of the orbital tissue due to inammation of retrobulbar tissues, increased adipogenesis, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) accumulation in the extraocular muscles. GO is an extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD) and can also be seen with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Euthyroid Graves' Orbitopathy. (1) GO results from a complex interaction of endogenous (unmodiable) and exogenous/environmental (modiable) risk factors. The former include age, gender, and genetic factors. As described in a previous section of this manuscript, GO tends to be more severe in men, in whom it occurs at an older age than in women. Several modiable risk factors for the occurrence/progression have been identied. The modiable risk factors may include smoking, hyperthyroidism/ hypothyroidism, radioiodine treatment, oxidative Stress, TSH- Receptor Antibody Levels and hypercholesterolemia (2). The GO is usually mild and rarely progresses to the severe course can be managed by restoring the euthyroid state.