Applied Medical Anthropology and Structurally Informed Emergency Care in the Evolving Context of COVID-19

Abstract

This article describes the integration of medical anthropologists as direct members of health care teams within a large, urban teaching hospital as a means to address the role of structural inequality in unequal health care delivery within the context of COVID-19. The pandemic starkly underlined the role structural forces such as food insecurity, housing instability, and unequal access to health insurance play among vulnerable populations that seek health care, particularly within the emergency department (ED). There is a critical need to recognize the reality that disease acquisition is a cultural process. This is a significant limitation of the biomedical model, which often considers disease as a separate entity from the social contexts in which disease is found. Further, a focus on patient-centered care can open the door for critical, clinically applied, medical anthropologists to team with physicians, merging ethnographic methods with health data and the socially constructed realities of patients’ lived experience to build new pathways of care. These pathways may better prepare physicians and health care systems to respond to novel threats like COVID-19, which are rooted in pathophysiological origins but have outcome distributions driven by cultural and structural determinants. To this end, we propose a reconfiguration of dominant biomedical ideologies around disease acquisition and spread by examining our work since 2018, which sees anthropologists embedded both locally and systematically in the creation of anthropologically informed treatment pathways for socially complex disease states like HIV, Hepatitis C, and Opioid Use Disorder (Henderson 2018). Understanding how these socially complex diseases concentrate and interact in populations is a potential opportunity to model solutions for other widespread and complex health care crises, including COVID-19.