n-3 Fatty Acids Preserve Insulin Sensitivity In Vivo in a Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-α–Dependent Manner

Abstract

Recent studies have suggested that n-3 fatty acids, abundant in fish oil, protect against high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance through peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-α activation and a subsequent decrease in intracellular lipid abundance. To directly test this hypothesis, we fed PPAR-α null and wild-type mice for 2 weeks with isocaloric high-fat diets containing 27% fat from either safflower oil or safflower oil with an 8% fish oil replacement (fish oil diet). In both genotypes the safflower oil diet blunted insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production (P < 0.02 vs. genotype control) and PEPCK gene expression. Feeding wild-type mice a fish oil diet restored hepatic insulin sensitivity (hepatic glucose production [HGP], P < 0.002 vs. wild-type mice fed safflower oil), whereas in contrast, in PPAR-α null mice failed to counteract hepatic insulin resistance (HGP, P = NS vs. PPAR-α null safflower oil–fed mice). In PPAR-α null mice fed the fish oil diet, safflower oil plus fish oil, hepatic insulin resistance was dissociated from increases in hepatic triacylglycerol and acyl-CoA but accompanied by a more than threefold increase in hepatic diacylglycerol concentration (P < 0.0001 vs. genotype control). These data support the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acids protect from high-fat diet–induced hepatic insulin resistance in a PPAR-α–and diacylglycerol-dependent manner.