Molecular Pathways for Immune Recognition of Preproinsulin Signal Peptide in Type 1 Diabetes

Author:

Kronenberg-Versteeg Deborah12ORCID,Eichmann Martin1,Russell Mark A.3,de Ru Arnoud4,Hehn Beate5,Yusuf Norkhairin1,van Veelen Peter A.4,Richardson Sarah J.3ORCID,Morgan Noel G.3,Lemberg Marius K.5,Peakman Mark12

Affiliation:

1. Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, U.K.

2. National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, U.K.

3. Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.

4. Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

5. Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany

Abstract

The signal peptide region of preproinsulin (PPI) contains epitopes targeted by HLA-A-restricted (HLA-A0201, A2402) cytotoxic T cells as part of the pathogenesis of β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. We extended the discovery of the PPI epitope to disease-associated HLA-B*1801 and HLA-B*3906 (risk) and HLA-A*1101 and HLA-B*3801 (protective) alleles, revealing that four of six alleles present epitopes derived from the signal peptide region. During cotranslational translocation of PPI, its signal peptide is cleaved and retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, implying it is processed for immune recognition outside of the canonical proteasome-directed pathway. Using in vitro translocation assays with specific inhibitors and gene knockout in PPI-expressing target cells, we show that PPI signal peptide antigen processing requires signal peptide peptidase (SPP). The intramembrane protease SPP generates cytoplasm-proximal epitopes, which are transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), ER-luminal epitopes, which are TAP independent, each presented by different HLA class I molecules and N-terminal trimmed by ER aminopeptidase 1 for optimal presentation. In vivo, TAP expression is significantly upregulated and correlated with HLA class I hyperexpression in insulin-containing islets of patients with type 1 diabetes. Thus, PPI signal peptide epitopes are processed by SPP and loaded for HLA-guided immune recognition via pathways that are enhanced during disease pathogenesis.

Funder

JDRF

Diabetes UK

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Publisher

American Diabetes Association

Subject

Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,Internal Medicine

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