Global Diabetes Prevalence in COVID-19 Patients and Contribution to COVID-19– Related Severity and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUNDCOVID-19 and diabetes both contribute to large global disease burdens.PURPOSETo quantify the prevalence of diabetes in various COVID-19 disease stages and calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of diabetes to COVID-19–related severity and mortality.DATA SOURCESSystematic review identified 729 studies with 29,874,938 COVID-19 patients.STUDY SELECTIONStudies detailed the prevalence of diabetes in subjects with known COVID-19 diagnosis and severity.DATA EXTRACTIONStudy information, COVID-19 disease stages, and diabetes prevalence were extracted.DATA SYNTHESISThe pooled prevalence of diabetes in stratified COVID-19 groups was 14.7% (95% CI 12.5–16.9) among confirmed cases, 10.4% (7.6–13.6) among nonhospitalized cases, 21.4% (20.4–22.5) among hospitalized cases, 11.9% (10.2–13.7) among nonsevere cases, 28.9% (27.0–30.8) among severe cases, and 34.6% (32.8–36.5) among deceased individuals, respectively. Multivariate metaregression analysis explained 53–83% heterogeneity of the pooled prevalence. Based on a modified version of the comparative risk assessment model, we estimated that the overall PAF of diabetes was 9.5% (7.3–11.7) for the presence of severe disease in COVID-19–infected individuals and 16.8% (14.8–18.8) for COVID-19–related deaths. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that countries with high income levels, high health care access and quality index, and low diabetes disease burden had lower PAF of diabetes contributing to COVID-19 severity and death.LIMITATIONSMost studies had a high risk of bias.CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of diabetes increases with COVID-19 severity, and diabetes accounts for 9.5% of severe COVID-19 cases and 16.8% of deaths, with disparities according to country income, health care access and quality index, and diabetes disease burden.