Hyperglycemia, Type 2 Diabetes, and Depressive Symptoms

Author:

Kivimaki Mika12,Tabak Adam G.13,Batty G. David456,Singh-Manoux Archana17,Jokela Markus1,Akbaraly Tasnime N.18,Witte Daniel R.9,Brunner Eric J.1,Marmot Michael G.1,Lawlor Debbie A.10

Affiliation:

1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K.;

2. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland;

3. 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary;

4. Medical Research Council Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K.;

5. Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.;

6. Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for International Health, Sydney, Australia;

7. INSERM U687-IFR69, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France;

8. INSERM U 888, Montpellier F-34093, Montpellier, France;

9. Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;

10. Medical Research Council, Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To examine the recent suggestion that impaired fasting glucose may protect against depression, whereas a diagnosis of diabetes might then result in depression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 4,228 adults (mean age 60.7 years, 73.0% men) who underwent oral glucose tolerance testing and completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). RESULTS After adjustment for demographic factors, health behaviors, and clinical measurements (BMI, waist circumference, lipid profile, and blood pressure), there was a U-shaped association between fasting glucose and depression (Pcurve = 0.001), with elevated CES-D at low and very high glucose levels. This finding was replicable with 2-h postload glucose (P = 0.11) and A1C (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The U-shaped association between blood glucose and CES-D, with the lowest depression risk seen among those in the normoglycemic range of A1C, did not support the hypothesized protective effect of hyperglycemia.

Publisher

American Diabetes Association

Subject

Advanced and Specialized Nursing,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,Internal Medicine

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