Female Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Have More Pronounced Early Echocardiographic Signs of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

OBJECTIVE—This study was designed to assess whether children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes have early echocardiographic signs of subclinical cardiac dysfunction and whether sex, state of metabolic control, and diabetes duration are of influence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in supine and upright positions and echocardiographic parameters, including tissue Doppler measurements of the septal mitral annulus, were evaluated in 80 children and adolescents with stable type 1 diabetes and 52 age- and sex-matched control subjects. A possible correlation was examined for age, sex, HbA1c, and diabetes duration with univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS—Female diabetic patients showed significantly larger left ventricular wall dimensions (left ventricular posterior wall in diastole 0.54 ± 0.08 vs. 0.48 ± 0.11 cm) and signs of significant diastolic filling abnormalities on conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography (mitral valve-atrial contraction velocity 0.47 ± 0.12 vs. 0.40 ± 0.09 m/s; tricuspid valve-atrial contraction velocity 0.35 ± 0.09 vs. 0.30 ± 0.07 m/s; early filling velocity/myocardial velocity during early filling 7.15 ± 1.47 vs. 6.17 ± 1.07; isovolumetric relaxation time [IVRT] 66 ± 8 vs. 58 ± 8 ms) compared with female control subjects, suggesting delayed myocardial relaxation. Male diabetic patients only differed significantly from their control subjects for IVRT (66 ± 9 vs. 59 ± 8 ms). The measured parameters showed an expected correlation with age and BMI standard deviation scores in the control group. This correlation was significantly weaker in the diabetic population; only a weak influence was found for diabetes duration and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. CONCLUSIONS—Young diabetic patients already have significant changes in left ventricular dimensions and myocardial relaxation, with the girls clearly being more affected. Tissue Doppler proved to have additional value in the evaluation of ventricular filling in this population. Almost no correlation was found for diabetes duration and HbA1c with the cardiovascular changes.