Does Emotional Distress Predict Worse Glycemic Control Over Time? Results From the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE)
Author:
Cherrington Andrea L.1ORCID, Bebu Ionut2ORCID, Krause-Steinrauf Heidi2ORCID, Hoogendoorn Claire J.34ORCID, Crespo-Ramos Gladys4, Presley Caroline5ORCID, Naik Aanand D.6ORCID, Balasubramanyam Ashok6ORCID, Gramzinski Michaela R.2ORCID, Killean Tina7, Arends Valerie L.8, Gonzalez Jeffrey S.34910ORCID, , Crandall J.P., McKee M.D., Behringer-Massera S., Brown-Friday J., Xhori E., Ballentine-Cargill K., Duran S., Estrella H., Gonzalez de la torre S., Lukin J., Phillips L.S., Burgess E., Olson D., Rhee M., Wilson P., Raines T.S., Boers J., Costello J., Maher-Albertelli M., Mungara R., Savoye L., White C.A., Gullett C., Holloway L., Morehead F., Person S., Sibymon M., Tanukonda S., Adams C., Ross A., Balasubramanyam A., Gaba R., Gonzalez Hattery E., Ideozu A., Jimenez J., Montes G., Wright C., Hollander P., Roe E., Jackson A., Smiley A., Burt P., Estrada L., Chionh K., Ismail-Beigi F., Falck-Ytter C., Sayyed Kassem L., Sood A., Tiktin M., Kulow T., Newman C., Stancil K.A., Cramer B., Iacoboni J., Kononets M.V., Sanders C., Tucker L., Werner A., Maxwell A., McPhee G., Patel C., Colosimo L., Krol A., Goland R., Pring J., Alfano L., Kringas P., Hausheer C., Tejada J., Gumpel K., Kirpitch A., Schneier H., Green J.B., AbouAssi H., Chatterjee R., Feinglos M.N., English Jones J., Khan S.A., Kimpel J.B., Zimmer R.P., Furst M., Satterwhite B.M., Thacker C.R., Evans Kreider K., Mariash C.N., Mather K.J., Ismail H.M., Lteif A., Mullen M., Hamilton T., Patel N., Riera G., Jackson M., Pirics V., Aguillar D., Howard D., Hurt S., Bergenstal R., Carlson A., Martens T., Johnson M., Hill R., Hyatt J., Jensen C., Madden M., Martin D., Willis H., Konerza W., Yang S., Kleeberger K., Passi R., Fortmann S., Herson M., Mularski K., Glauber H., Prihoda J., Ash B., Carlson C., Ramey P.A., Schield E., Torgrimson-Ojerio B., Arnold K., Kauffman B., Panos E., Sahnow S., Bays K., Berame K., Cook J., Ghioni D., Gluth J., Schell K., Criscola J., Friason C., Jones S., Nazarov S., Barzilay J., Rassouli N., Puttnam R., Ojoawo B., Nelson R., Curtis M., Hollis B., Sanders-Jones C., Stokes K., El-Haqq Z., Kolli A., Tran T., Wexler D., Larkin M.E., Meigs J., Chambers B., Dushkin A., Rocchio G., Yepes M., Steiner B., Dulin H., Cayford M., Chu K., DeManbey A., Hillard M., Martin K., Thangthaeng N., Gurry L., Kochis R., Raymond E., Ripley V., Stevens C., Park J., Aroda V., Ghazi A., Magee M., Ressing A., Loveland A., Hamm M., Hurtado M., Kuhn A., Leger J., Manandhar L., Mwicigi F., Sanchez O., Young T., Garg R., Lagari-Libhaber V., Florez H.J., Valencia W.M., Marks J., Casula S., Oropesa-Gonzalez L., Hue L., Cuadot A., Nieto-Martinez R., Riccio Veliz A.K., Gutt M., Kendal Y.J., Veciana B., Ahmann A., Aby-Daniel D., Joarder F., Morimoto V., Sprague C., Yamashita D., Cady N., Rivera-Eschright N., Kirchhoff P., Morales Gomez B., Adducci J., Goncharova A., Hox S.H., Petrovitch H., Matwichyna M., Jenkins V., Broadwater L., Ishii R.R., Bermudez N.O., Hsia D.S., Cefalu W.T., Greenway F.L., Waguespack C., King E., Fry G., Dragg A., Gildersleeve B., Arceneaux J., Haynes N., Thomassie A., Pavlionis M., Bourgeois B., Hazlett C., Mudaliar S., Henry R., Boeder S., Pettus J., Diaz E., Garcia-Acosta D., Maggs S., DeLue C., Stallings A., Castro E., Hernandez S., Krakoff J., Curtis J.M., Killean T., Khalid M., Joshevama E., Diaz E., Martin D., Tsingine K., Karshner T., Albu J., Pi-Sunyer F.X., Frances S., Maggio C., Ellis E., Bastawrose J., Gong X., Banerji M.A., August P., Lee M., Lorber D., Brown N.M., Josephson D.H., Thomas L.L., Tsovian M., Cherian A., Jacobson M.H., Mishko M.M., Kirkman M.S., Buse J.B., Diner J., Dostou J., Machineni S., Young L., Bergamo K., Goley A., Kerr J., Largay J.F., Guarda S., Cuffee J., Culmer D., Fraser R., Almeida H., Coffer S., Debnam E., Kiker L., Morton S., Josey K., Fuller G., Garvey W.T., Cherrington A.L., Dyer D., Lawson M.C.R., Griffith O., Agne A., McCullars S., Cohen R.M., Craig J., Rogge M.C., Burton K., Kersey K., Wilson C., Lipp S., Vonder Meulen M.B., Adkins C., Onadeko T., Rasouli N., Baker C., Schroeder E., Razzaghi M., Lyon C., Penaloza R., Underkofler C., Lorch R., Douglass S., Steiner S., Sivitz W.I., Cline E., Knosp L.K., McConnell J., Lowe T., Herman W.H., Pop-Busui R., Tan M.H., Martin C., Waltje A., Katona A., Goodhall L., Eggleston R., Kuo S., Bojescu S., Bule S., Kessler N., LaSalle E., Whitley K., Seaquist E.R., Bantle A., Harindhanavudhi T., Kumar A., Redmon B., Bantle J., Coe M., Mech M., Taddese A., Lesne K., Smith S., Desouza C., Kuechenmeister L., Shivaswamy V., Burbach S., Rodriguez M.G., Seipel K., Alfred A., Morales A.L., Eggert J., Lord G., Taylor W., Tillson R., Schade D.S., Adolphe A., Burge M., Duran-Valdez E., Martinez J., Bancroft A., Kunkel S., Ali Jamaleddin Ahmad F., Hernandez McGinnis D., Pucchetti B., Scripsick E., Zamorano A., DeFronzo R.A., Cersosimo E., Abdul-Ghani M., Triplitt C., Juarez D., Mullen M., Garza R.I., Verastiqui H., Wright K., Puckett C., Raskin P., Rhee C., Abraham S., Jordan L.F., Sao S., Morton L., Smith O., Osornio Walker L., Schnurr-Breen L., Ayala R., Kreymer R.B., Sturgess D., Utzschneider K.M., Kahn S.E., Alarcon-Casas Wright L., Boyko E.J., Tsai E.C., Trence D.L., Trikudanathan S., Fattaleh B.N., Montgomery B.K., Atkinson K.M., Kozedub A., Concepcion T., Moak C., Prikhodko N., Rhothisen S., Elasy T.A., Martin S., Shackelford L., Goidel R., Hinkle N., Lovell C., Myers J., Lipps Hogan J., McGill J.B., Salam M., Schweiger T., Kissel S., Recklein C., Clifton M.J., Tamborlane W., Camp A., Gulanski B., Inzucchi S.E., Pham K., Alguard M., Gatcomb P., Lessard K., Perez M., Iannone L., Magenheimer E., Montosa A., Fradkin J., Burch H.B., Bremer A.A., Nathan D.M., Lachin J.M., Krause-Steinrauf H., Younes N., Bebu I., Butera N., Buys C.J., Fagan A., Gao Y., Ghosh A., Gramzinski M.R., Hall S.D., Kazemi E., Legowski E., Liu H., Suratt C., Tripputi M., Arey A., Backman M., Bethepu J., Lund C., Mangat Dhaliwal P., McGee P., Mesimer E., Ngo L., Steffes M., Seegmiller J., Saenger A., Arends V., Gabrielson D., Conner T., Warren S., Day J., Huminik J., Scrymgeour A., Soliman E.Z., Pokharel Y., Zhang Z.M., Campbell C., Hu J., Keasler L., Hensley S., Li Y., Mihalcea R., Min D.J., Perez-Rosas V., Prosser L., Resnicow L., Ye W., Shao H., Zhang P., Luchsinger J., Sanchez D., Assuras S., Groessl E., Sakha F., Chong H., Hillery N., Abdouch I., Bahtiyar G., Brantley P., Broyles F.E., Canaris G., Copeland P., Craine J.J., Fein W.L., Gliwa A., Hope L., Lee M.S., Meiners R., Meiners V., O’Neal H., Park J.E., Sacerdote A., Sledge E., Soni L., Steppel-Reznik J., Turchin A., Golden S., Gonzalez J., Naik A., Walker E.
Affiliation:
1. 1General Internal and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 2. 2Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD 3. 3Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 4. 4Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 5. 5Division of Preventative Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 6. 6University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX 7. 7Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ 8. 8Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 9. 9Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10. 10New York-Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether baseline levels of depressive symptoms and diabetes-specific distress are associated with glycemic control in Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), a large randomized controlled trial comparing the metabolic effects of four common glucose-lowering medications when combined with metformin in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The primary and secondary outcomes were defined as an HbA1c value ≥7%, subsequently confirmed, and an HbA1c value >7.5%, subsequently confirmed, respectively. Separate Cox proportional hazards models assessed the association between baseline levels of each exposure of interest (depressive symptoms measured with the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire and diabetes distress measured with the Diabetes Distress Scale) and the subsequent risk of metabolic outcomes.
RESULTS
This substudy included 1,739 participants (56% of whom were non-Hispanic White, 18% non-Hispanic Black, 17% Hispanic, and 68% male; mean [SD] age 58.0 [10.2] years, diabetes duration 4.2 [2.8] years, and HbA1c 7.5% [0.48%]). A total of 1,157 participants reached the primary outcome, with time to event of 2.1 years on average, while 738 participants reached the secondary outcome at 3 years on average. With adjustment for sex, race/ethnicity, treatment group, baseline age, duration of T2DM, BMI, and HbA1c, there were no significant associations between the depressive symptoms or diabetes distress and the subsequent risk of the primary or secondary outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
The current findings suggest that, at least for individuals with diabetes of relatively short duration, baseline levels of emotional distress are not associated with glycemic control over time.
Funder
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases American Diabetes Association Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Cited by
1 articles.
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