The reframing of family policies in France: processes and actors

Abstract

French family policy is generally considered as one of the oldest, most explicit and extensive in Europe. To understand the changes in this public policy sector during the past decades, we first discuss the roots and scope of family policy and then propose a ‘process tracing’ to identify sequences, based on two sets of opposing principles that have shaped French family policy history: universality versus selectivity and French ‘familialisme’ versus individualism. In the last two sections, a detailed analysis of the dynamics of change is presented before focusing on the role of the different protagonists of this change: political actors, high-ranking civil servants, family associations and experts. We underline the importance of a small group of high-ranking civil servants, called the ‘welfare elite’, in this specific sector, whose contribution explains the permanent French specificity and path dependency.