Severe abrupt (thunderclap) non-traumatic headache at the pediatric emergency department – a retrospective study

Abstract

Background Adult abrupt severe non-traumatic headache (thunderclap) is often related to serious underlying etiologies such as subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, data are sparse regarding thunderclap headache in the pediatric population. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics and causes of thunderclap headache in the pediatric and adolescent population, aged 6–18 years, presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Methods The electronic database of a tertiary care pediatric emergency department was searched for children presenting with acute headache during 2016–2018. Headache severity was defined by pain scales, either a visual analogue scale or by the Faces Pain Scale–Revised. Results Thunderclap headache was diagnosed in 19/2290 (0.8%) of the included patients, all of them with a pain score of 10/10. All the patients had a benign course. Primary headache was diagnosed in 15/19 (78.9%), six patients had migraine and eight were diagnosed with primary thunderclap headache. Four of the 19 patients were diagnosed with secondary headache: three with infectious causes and one with malignant hypertension. Conclusions Thunderclap headache is rare among children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department. This headache is generally of a primary origin. Extensive evaluation is still needed to rule out severe diagnosis problems.