Targeting reactive nitroxidative species in preclinical models of migraine

Abstract

Background Reactive nitroxidative species, such as nitric oxide but particularly peroxynitrite, have been strongly implicated in pain mechanisms. Targeting peroxynitrite is anti-nociceptive in pain models, but little is known about its role in migraine mechanisms. Given the need to validate novel targets for migraine headache, our objective was to study the potential of reactive nitroxidative species, particularly peroxynitrite, as novel targets for drug discovery and their role in migraine mechanisms. Methods We recorded neuronal activity in rats with extracellular electrodes and examined the effects of targeting nitric oxide or peroxynitrite on ongoing and cranial-evoked firing rates of central trigeminocervical neurons. We injected calcitonin gene-related peptide (which produces migraine-like headache in migraineurs) and characterized neuronal responses to cranial stimulation and on behavioral responses to nociceptive periorbital stimulation and determined the effects of targeting reactive nitroxidative species on the mediated changes. Results L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and Fe(III)5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato chloride (FeTPPS; peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst) inhibited ongoing and dural-evoked responses of trigeminocervical neurons, without affecting normal facial-cutaneous responses. Calcitonin gene-related peptide caused activation and sensitization of dural-responsive trigeminovascular neurons with hypersensitivity to intracranial and extracranial stimulation, and reduction of periorbital withdrawal thresholds. Only the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst prevented these neuronal and behavioral nociceptive responses. Discussion The data support that calcitonin gene-related peptide mediates the underlying neurobiological mechanisms related to the development of migraine-like headache. They also confirm the role of nitric oxide and implicate peroxynitrite production along the trigeminovascular migraine pathway in these mechanisms. The data also support peroxynitrite as a novel and potentially effective target for migraine treatment. The current drug development focus on peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts for chronic pain disorders should therefore extend to migraine.