Light-Cured Dimethacrylate-Based Resins and Their Composites: Comparative Study of Mechanical Strength, Water Sorption, and Ion Release

Abstract

This study explores how resin type affects selected physicochemical properties of complex methacrylate copolymers and their amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-filled and glass-filled composites. Two series of photo-polymerizable resin matrices are formulated employing 2,2-bis[p-(2'hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) or an ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) as the base monomer, unfilled copolymers and composites filled with a mass fraction with 40, 35, and 30%, respectively, of ACP or the un-silanized glass were assessed for biaxial flexure strength (BFS), water sorption (WS), and mineral ion release upon immersion in HEPES-buffered saline solution for up to six months. Substituting EBPADMA for Bis-GMA significantly reduced the WS while only marginally affected the BFS of both dry and wet copolymers. Independent of the filler level, both dry and wet ACP composites formulated with either BTHM or ETHM resins were mechanically weaker than the corresponding copolymers. The BFS of ACP composite specimens after 1 month in saline did not further decrease with further aqueous exposure. The BFS of glass-filled composites decreased with the increased level of the glass filler and the time of aqueous exposure. After 6 months of immersion, the BFS of glass-filled BTHM and ETHM composites, respectively, remained 58 and 41% higher than that of the corresponding ACP composites. Ion release data indicated that a minimum mass fraction of 35% ACP was required to attain the desired solution supersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite for both the BTHM and ETHM derived composites.