Surgical management of pes planus in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review

Abstract

Purpose: Pes planus (or flatfoot) is the most common deformity in children with cerebral palsy. There are several surgical interventions used to treat it: single calcaneal osteotomies, extra-articular arthrodesis, double calcaneal osteotomy, calcaneo-cuboid-cuneiform osteotomy, intra-articular arthrodesis, and arthroereisis. There is currently no evidence on optimal treatment for flatfoot in children with cerebral palsy. Our purpose is to systematically review studies reporting complications, recurrence rates, and radiological outcomes of the surgical management of flatfoot in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Five databases were searched to identify studies published from inception until July 2021, with keywords relating to flatfoot, cerebral palsy, and surgical interventions. We included prospective, retrospective, and comparative study designs in the English language. Data was extracted and tabulated in duplicate into Excel, and analysis was conducted using Python SciPy. Results: In total, 1220 studies were identified of which 44 met the inclusion criteria, comprising 2234 feet in 1364 patients with a mean age of 10.3 years and mean follow-up of 55.9 months. Radiographic outcomes showed improvement with all procedures; complications and recurrence rates were too poorly reported to compare. Only 6 (14%) studies were assessed as a low risk of bias. There was substantial heterogeneity of outcome measures. Conclusion: There is a lack of high-quality, comparative studies assessing the radiological outcomes, complications, and recurrence rates of surgical alternatives to treat flatfoot in children with cerebral palsy. There is currently no clear evidence on optimal surgical treatment. Level of evidence: IIa based on Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine.