Crossmodal Associations with Olfactory, Auditory, and Tactile Stimuli in Children and Adults

Author:

Speed Laura J.1ORCID,Croijmans Ilja2,Dolscheid Sarah3,Majid Asifa4

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

2. Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

3. Department of Rehabilitation and Special Education, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Biopsychology & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology & Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

4. Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK

Abstract

People associate information with different senses but the mechanism by which this happens is unclear. Such associations are thought to arise from innate structural associations in the brain, statistical associations in the environment, via shared affective content, or through language. A developmental perspective on crossmodal associations can help determine which explanations are more likely for specific associations. Certain associations with pitch (e.g., pitch–height) have been observed early in infancy, but others may only occur late into childhood (e.g., pitch–size). In contrast, tactile–chroma associations have been observed in children, but not adults. One modality that has received little attention developmentally is olfaction. In the present investigation, we explored crossmodal associations from sound, tactile stimuli, and odor to a range of stimuli by testing a broad range of participants. Across the three modalities, we found little evidence for crossmodal associations in young children. This suggests an account based on innate structures is unlikely. Instead, the number and strength of associations increased over the lifespan. This suggests that experience plays a crucial role in crossmodal associations from sound, touch, and smell to other senses.

Funder

Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen

NWO VICI

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Artificial Intelligence,Sensory Systems,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology,Ophthalmology

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