Affiliation:
1. Department of Otolaryngology Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
2. 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
Abstract
The middle ear bone destruction in chronic otitis media is activated and regulated by inflammation. Chronic otitis media with granulation is a highly active inflammatory process in which many cytokines are released. The bone is degraded by osteoclasts but, at the same time, protected by cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules and osteotropic hormones. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and OPG/RANKL present in cholesteatoma and granulation accelerate bone lysis and increase the destructive effect on the middle ear.
Cited by
4 articles.
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