Craniocervical Tetanus: A Practical Consideration During Work-up of Acute-Onset Trismus

Abstract

This clinical record revisits the classical and pathognomonic features of craniocervical tetanus in a 65-year-old farmer who presented with acute-onset trismus, multiple cranial nerve pareses (III, IX, and X), risus sardonicus, and spasm of the head–neck musculature. This paper explores the relevant literature and presents a brief pictorial analysis of the global epidemiologic data. With most countries successfully adopting the maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination (MNTE) program, the incidence and mortality of tetanus across age groups have sharply reduced in high-income and most middle-income nations. In adults, tetanus is now encountered in specialized situations like waning immunity and incomplete vaccination, in the resource-poor and low-income nations, in countries achieving MNTE recently, and as cluster cases in the aftermath of natural disasters involving human settlements. Therefore, present-day practicing otolaryngologists and residents who have limited exposure to the tell-tale clinical features of craniocervical tetanus should consider it during work-up of acute-onset trismus in adults in susceptible situations and with a conducive background. The clinical spectrum of craniocervical tetanus as depicted in this report, including the demonstration of the pathognomonic positive spatula test, provides valuable learning points for otolaryngologists in this regard.