Longitudinal changes in body composition, physiological characteristics, and motor performance of Paralympic goalball athletes

Abstract

Research has yet to explore the long-term influences of physical fitness parameters on goalball and how COVID-19 affected athletes’ training program. This study evaluated the longitudinal changes in body composition (BC), postural balance (PB), maximal isometric grip force (MIGF), vertical jump (countermovement (CJ), squat jump (SJ), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in seven male Paralympic goalball athletes preparing for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics. Six measurements were performed three times ([first] pre-lock down: January 2020, [second] post-lock down: September 2020, and [third] final follow-up: June 2021) on a variable-by-variable basis. Post hoc tests showed a significant improvement in BC at the third time point compared to the first and second time points. Concomitantly, PB and MIGF were significantly improved at the third time point compared to the first and second time points, respectively. A significant decline was observed in CJ and SJ heights at the second time point compared to the first time point whereas SJ height increased at the third time point compared to the second time point. No change was observed in CJ height at the third time point versus the second time point. There was a dramatic reduction in VO2peak at the second time point compared to the first time point. No change was observed in VO2peak occurred at the third time point versus pre and post lock down. Even with the disruption in the annual training plan due to COVID-19 pandemic, our participants maintained physical fitness levels with home-based exercises.