Lead-induced oxidative stress adversely affects health of the occupational workers

Abstract

Lead is a persistent toxic metal and associated with impairment of various body functions in occupational workers. The main objective was to determine the lead-induced oxidative stress and adverse health effects by biochemical markers in industrial workers. One hundred and forty-eight males consisting of 87 lead-exposed industrial workers and 61 controls were included. Blood lead level (BLL) was determined on a 3010B ESA lead analyzer. Blood complete counts were done on a hematology analyzer. Biochemical markers including serum uric acid, urea, creatinine, phosphate, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured on a Selectra E auto analyzer. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured spectrophotometrically and C-reactive protein (CRP) on Immulite-1000. Results revealed that lead-exposed workers had significantly high BLLs, median (range), 29.1 (9.0–61.1) μg/dL compared with controls, 8.3 (1.0–21.7) μg/dL. Oxidative stress (MDA, GGT) and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity CRP) were significantly increased ( P ≤ 0.05). Blood pressure was raised, whereas hemoglobin was decreased in exposed group ( P ≤ 0.002). Serum urea, uric acid, phosphate, and ALT were significantly raised in lead-exposed workers ( P ≤ 0.001). Serum albumin, total proteins, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were decreased. Blood lead showed a significant positive correlation with serum GGT ( r = 0.63), MDA ( r = 0.71), CRP ( r = 0.75), urea ( r = 0.34), creatinine ( r = 0.51), and uric acid ( r = 0.29) ( P ≤ 0.01). It is concluded that lead exposure increases oxidative stress that correlates with adverse changes in hematological, renal, and hepatic function in the occupational workers. Elevated blood lead has positive correlation with oxidative stress, inflammatory and biochemical markers that might be used to detect impairment in the body function in lead exposed workers.