Optimizing the formulation of polypropylene and rubberwood flour composites for moisture resistance by mixture design

Abstract

D-optimal mixture experimental design was used to determine the optimal mixture of composites from rubberwood ( Hevea brasiliensis) flour and recycled polypropylene and to systematically analyze the effects of composition, namely recycled polypropylene, rubberwood flour, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene, and ultraviolet stabilizer fractions. Panel samples were extruded, and their properties were characterized. The overall compositions significantly affected water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural strength and modulus, and maximum strain. Water absorption and thickness swelling increased with the fraction of rubberwood flour. At long immersion times, flexural strength and modulus decreased, but maximum strain increased with high fraction of rubberwood flour. The fraction of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene only slightly affected water absorption and flexural properties, while the ultraviolet stabilizer fraction had a clear negative effect increasing water absorption and decreasing flexural properties. The models fitted were used for optimization of a desirability score, substituting for the multiple objectives modeled. The optimal formulation found was 68.9 wt% recycled polypropylene, 25.0 wt% rubberwood flour, 5.0 wt% maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene, 0.1 wt% ultraviolet stabilizer, and 1.0 wt% lubricant. This formulation of the composites can be used for most suitable applications based on the moisture resistance.