1. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
2. Equal contribution
3. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, East Sussex, UK
4. School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
5. St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
6. Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
7. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK