The use of chlordiazepoxide for outpatient gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) detoxification: An observational study

Author:

Balston Alfred12,Hunjan Kuljit3,Kelleher Michael J45

Affiliation:

1. King's College London, London, UK

2. Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

3. Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Dartford, Kent, UK

4. Lambeth Addictions Consortium, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

5. Department of Health and Social Care, Office for Health Improvement and Disparity, London, UK

Abstract

Background Various detoxification regimens are used for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), including diazepam, barbiturates, baclofen and GHB itself. However, these regimens are primarily derived from inpatient units, and literature on outpatient GBL detoxification is sparse with no previous reports on chlordiazepoxide. We describe the characteristics of outpatient GBL detoxification using chlordiazepoxide. Methods Observational study of all patients who attended a community outpatient addiction service in South London between August 2015 and November 2017 seeking detoxification from GBL. The outpatient caseload is predominantly patients with alcohol, opioid and stimulant dependence. Routine clinical data including patient demographics, GBL usage, daily chlordiazepoxide dose and Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol-revised (CIWA-Ar) score were recorded. Results In the study period there were 17 attendances for GBL detoxification, 14 of which were undertaken in the outpatient setting. Twelve (86%) patients who had an outpatient detoxification were male, all of whom were men who have sex with men. Of 14 outpatient GBL detoxifications managed with chlordiazepoxide, 10 were successfully completed. One of the four patients that did not complete detoxification required inpatient treatment in an acute hospital. The average successful detoxification took 10 ± 3.1 days. For patients who completed a detoxification, the median maximum CIWA-Ar score on day one of the detoxification was 11 (range 2–17), with the mean dose of chlordiazepoxide used on day one being 140 mg (range 80–225 mg). Conclusions Chlordiazepoxide can be used for outpatient GBL detoxification in combination with a provision for crisis admission to hospital. CIWA-Ar score can be applied to GBL withdrawal to measure severity and inform a reducing regimen of chlordiazepoxide.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

General Medicine

Reference8 articles.

1. Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence and withdrawal

2. Treatment and Intervention for Opiate Dependence in the United Kingdom: Lessons from Triumph and Failure

3. Pharmacological Treatment in γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) Dependence: Detoxification and Relapse Prevention

4. Knight J, Brand P, Willey P, et al. (2017) Adult substance misuse statistics from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) 2016-2017. Public Health England. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/658056/Adult-statistics-from-the-national-drug-treatment-monitoring-system-2016-2017.pdf.

5. Improving GHB withdrawal with baclofen: study protocol for a feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial

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