Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with increased risk of mortality and acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 hospitalization: Insights from a National Inpatient Sample analysis

Abstract

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health, especially for patients with chronic diseases that may compromise the immune system. This study investigates the association between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and COVID-19 outcomes. Methods Data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) were analyzed to create a retrospective cohort of COVID-19 hospitalizations, comparing patients with and without SLE. Propensity-score matched analysis was conducted to assess the association between SLE and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 hospitalizations. Results The study included over a million COVID-19 hospitalizations, with approximately 0.5% having a secondary diagnosis of SLE. The SLE-COVID hospitalizations were predominantly female and younger, with a median age of 57.2, while the non-SLE-COVID group had a median age of 64.8 years. Comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, liver disease, and others were more prevalent in the SLE-COVID group. Patients with SLE and COVID-19 had a significantly higher incidence of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis than those without SLE. In-hospital mortality was higher in the SLE group, particularly in the 18–44 year age group (6.15% vs 2.47%, p = .022). Conclusion COVID-19 patients with SLE are at an increased mortality risk, especially in the younger age group, and a higher incidence of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. The elevated risk of adverse outcomes underscores the vulnerability of SLE patients to COVID-19. These findings emphasize the importance of special precautions and patient education for individuals with SLE to mitigate the risks associated with COVID-19.