Gender Gap in Earnings at the Industry Level

Author:

Allen Jim1,Sanders Karin2

Affiliation:

1. MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY,

2. UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN,

Abstract

In this article the authors seek an answer to the question: does the percentage of women working in an industry have an effect on earnings distinct from the effect of sex at the individual level? On the basis of the `comparable worth' approach, the authors hypothesized that, controlling for education, experience and sex, the percentage of women working in an industry would have a negative effect on earnings. This hypothesis was tested by performing multi-level analyses using data from 12 countries. The hypothesis was confirmed: the multi-level analyses showed a significant negative effect of the percentage of women in an industry on individual earnings, when individual characteristics were controlled for. This effect applied equally for men and women working in an industry. Part, though not all, of the effect could be accounted for by the fact that female-dominated industries are less unionized and more characterized by small firms than male-dominated industries.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous),Gender Studies

Reference49 articles.

1. Fixing Women's Wages: The Effectiveness of Comparable Worth Policies

2. Baron, J.N. and A.E. Newman (1989) `Pay the Man: Effects of Demografic Composition on Wage Rates in the California Civil Service', pp. 107-30 in R.T. Michael, H.I. Hartmann and B. O'Farrell (eds) Pay Equity: Empirical Inquires. Washington, DC: National Academic Press.

3. For What It's Worth: Organizations, Occupations, and the Value of Work Done by Women and Nonwhites

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