Efficacy of retrograde revascularization in diabetic patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia after a failed antegrade approach

Abstract

Background Chronic limb-threatening ischemia is the end stage of peripheral arterial disease. The revascularization of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus who present chronic total occlusions of below-the-knee vessels can be technically very difficult and sometimes impossible to achieve by performing only an antegrade approach. As regards retrograde recanalization, several studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of this technique in the femoropopliteal axis or in the infrageniculate arterial vessels in patients with advanced atherosclerotic disease. Currently in the literature there are still few studies analyzing the effectiveness of the retrograde approach in the treatment of occlusions of below-the-knee vessels in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Objectives The purpose of the study was to retrospectively evaluate safety, technical success, and clinical outcome of retrograde transpedal/transtibial recanalization in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Research design This is a retrospective observational monocentric study. Subjects We retrospectively analyzed data over a three-year period (August 2019–September 2022) of patients that underwent revascularization of one or more below-the-knee vessels for chronic limb-threatening ischemia and had a retrograde transpedal/transtibial approach after a failed antegrade transfemoral revascularization. We identified and included in the study 28 out of 352 patients. Measures We evaluated clinical comorbidities, Rutherford–Becker classification, Texas classification, and the occluded vessels (only below-the-knee or multi-level occlusions); we then analyzed technical, procedural and clinical success, survival rate, and procedural complications. All patients included in the study underwent a 6 months follow-up. Results Patients belonged to Rutherford–Becker stage V (18) or VI (10), Texas wound classification IIC: 7 IID: 8 IIIC: 4 IIID: 9, all suffering from diabetes, and five were on dialysis. Treatment of a femoropopliteal lesion was performed during the same procedure in 6 of 28 patients (28.6%). Technical success was obtained in 25 out of 28 patients (89.3%), and procedural success was achieved in 23 of 28 patients (82.1%). No complications occurred at the pedal/tibial access. One minor complication at the femoral access was observed. The cure rate 6 months after the procedure was 57.1% (16/28 patients), and the 6-month survival rate was 96.4%. Three major amputations (10.7%) and four minor amputations (14.2%) were performed after revascularization procedures. Two patients were readmitted for vascular causes (7.1%). Conclusions Retrograde approach for revascularization of below-the-knee vessels in diabetic patients is safe and effective with high procedural and clinical success rates in the absence of significant complications. It should be considered when revascularization cannot be achieved with an antegrade transfemoral approach.